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Barriers to Quality Healthcare for People with Disabilities

In a perfect world with unlimited time and money, health-care would be easily accessible for all patients; from businessmen making millions on Wall Street down to the homeless living on the street, all patients would be treated equally. However, the real world is far from a perfect place, and a large portion of society is neglected and discriminated against in receiving the healthcare they need: the disabled population. Over a billion people in the world have some form of disability with between 110 million and 190 million having significant trouble in functioning.1 With resources limited, these disabled patients do not have all the luxuries some other people may have in the aspect of health-care creating a viscous cycle of people needing more care yet not being able to receive it. The main problem of providing healthcare to individuals with disabilities lies within the inherent barriers of access to quality care for these patients. These barriers include lack of finances, lack of sp ecial equipment in facilities, and difficulties training providers to work with these patients. It is up to pharmacists and other healthcare providers to use the skills learned not only by their own individual specialties and practices but the skills learned by working together to help disabled persons receive the care that they need unobtainable by other means. The first main barrier to quality healthcare for people with disabilities is related to finances. People with disabilities often lackShow MoreRelatedThe Disabled And Mentally Disabled Youth Transitioning For Adults Experience Improper Health Care1024 Words   |  5 Pagesto adulthood, the in depth healthcare they received before dwindles, if not already, cuts off completely. The highest rates of this phenomenon are among the disabled children of minorities. 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The purpose of this paper is to give you knowledge on disparities within the health care environment. This paper will discuss the definition of disparities, types of disparities, reasons for disparities, statistical data from trends and reports, and information on disparities elimination and improvements. What are healthcare disparities? Defining a disparity can eliminate confusion that disparitiesRead MoreA Sociological Perspective On The Doctor Patient Relationship1616 Words   |  7 Pageseffective healthcare. Individuals with disabilities, however, often face varying degrees of discrimination within the field of healthcare from its providers, ultimately hindering the doctor-patient relationship and its span of effectiveness. This paper seeks to synthesize and analyze findings from an array of literature research to answer the following question: What are the social explanations for the often negatively biased attitudes of healthcare providers toward individuals with disabilities? A sociologicalRead MoreEpidemiology Paper Part Two : Analysis And Application Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesinequalities in access to care, quality of care and interventions to reduce disparities, and outcomes (Chin, 2005). It is important for the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) to understand identif ication of â€Å"at risk† populations when moving to develop a plan to intervene and improve statistical health outcomes. This paper will identify an â€Å"at risk† population, address how the health risk for this population can be affected by nursing science, discuss potential barriers to health prevention and promotionRead MoreEssay about vulnerable population1581 Words   |  7 Pagesto reduce or eliminate disparities in healthcare by 2010, significant disparities, including risk factors, access to healthcare, morbidity, and mortality, continues in vulnerable populations. For example, studies find that Americans living in poverty are much more likely to be in fair or poor health and have disabling conditions, and are less likely to have used many types of healthcare. I believe that more effort should be made to bring affordable healthcare to vulnerable population Read MoreThe Determinants Of Health Framework1168 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage and culture of Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples, impact their access to healthcare, and overall quality of that care. Aboriginal peoples face many more challenges in maintaining their health in comparison to the general population (Cameron, Camargo Plazas, Santos Salas, Bourque-Bearskin, Hungler, 2014). 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Strong communication skill is an important key behind the scene with other healthcare professionals which is as important as good customer service to achieve customer satisfaction. The tools use in interacting with others properly is the Interpersonal skills wither verbal communication or non-verbal communication ways to understand people needs. This report is goingRead MoreHigh Rates Among Various Ethnic Backgrounds1060 Words   |  5 Pages Healthcare disparities exist at higher rates among various ethnic backgrounds as well as individuals with disabilities. Although receiving good healthcare should b e a privilege, statistics have shown that social determinants such as poor education, low income, limited access to quality care, as well as environmental factors have contributed to healthcare disparities. If society could improve barriers like health education, communication, and healthcare cost, quality healthcare could be successfully

E-Business-Issues and Challenges Free Essays

E-Business – Issues and Challenges Ashmita Paul Abstract In today’s business climate, e-business can have an impact on every facet of the organization, including supply chain management, leasing, non-cash payment, mail order commerce or the rise of service economy. As said by Lou Gerstner, ex CEO of IBM, â€Å"E-business is all about time cycle, speed, globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching new customers and sharing knowledge across institutions for competitive advantage†. E-business is transforming companies and industries, at an accelerating rate. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Business-Issues and Challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business cycles that used to be measured in years are now measured in days. This paper deals with the various issues of e-business as well as the challenges being faced. Issues can be technological and non-technological. Technological issues investigated include telecommunication, hardware, software and the availability of technical skill sets. Non-technological issues are often related to intellectual property concerns, copyright, trademark, credit/cash policies and privacy. As companies have embraced the internet as a business medium, they have discovered that their biggest challenge is not only establishing connectivity and infrastructure but is the safe and secure transmission and sensitive information. This paper focussed on emerging issues of e-business that are more high-up and stern in developing and emerging economies. An attempt has also been made in the paper to throw light on the challenges to e-business that are more related to strengthening success factors, establishing barriers to failure, diminishing barriers to success and fighting the failure factors. Key words: E-Business, Technological, Non-Technological, Challenges. How to cite E-Business-Issues and Challenges, Papers

Socio Materiality of Designing Organizational †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Socio Materiality of Designing Organizational. Answer: Introduction For what reason do representatives oppose change; it is basically in light of the fact that they fear the unspecified structure (Rothaermel, 2013). That is, they feel uneasiness about how the change will impact them, their movement execution, their relationship with various agents, and other occupation-related components. Investigators say that fear of the darken is prudent, rather than a nonsensical, response to change. A little measure of uneasiness isn't strange from a considerable number individuals when the current situation shifts since people expect time to adjust their thinking, their movement execution, and their social associations with any changes made. Disastrously, resistance to change all over goes past a strong unease for the cloud, as a couple of experts have found. Binod and Devi (2013) considered a movement of changes and found the going with sorts of specialist resistance: task avoidance or deferral, adversarial vibe (communicated or verifiable), quiet submission, and underproduction (meeting only the base wants to one's work). Two or three years afterward, other library experts found a couple of more pointers of agent resistance to change: extended non-appearance, extended specialist instability, disappointment, and damage. To supervise change effectively, administrators must understand why a delegate's hidden reaction to another suggestion, that is, uneasiness and fear of the darken, on occasion enlivens into more negative direct like reduced occupation execution or mischief (Ansgar et al., 2011). Resistance to change is unavoidable, and chiefs must consider some resistance when they expect to realize change. Without a doubt, some resistance to change may even be sure on the grounds that it backs off the speed with which improvement might be some way, or another proceed and empowers time for people to adjust to it. A noteworthy reason behind agent's (representatives) fear of change is helplessness about new business related wants to be identified with work execution. Specifically, the delegate's fears that he won't have enough mastery to play out the changed task. A present report reinforces this by exhibiting that individuals with experience playing out a specific endeavor one way will contradict change more than individuals with less association. This was found in an investigation where two social events of optional school understudies were requested to complete a game plan from essential manual endeavors where they were made up for revising execution (Dennis Andrew, 2010). One social event was given more understanding than the other and developed greater capacity at the assignments. They were then drawn closer to grasp modernized system for these endeavors. The understudies with more experience restricted motorization by and large more than those with less experience. This was in light of t he fact that the expert get-together of workers had a more elevated amount of trust in their ability to complete the movement in the old (i.e., manual) way; when they were asked for to automate, their fundamental anxiety was higher. The levels of helplessness about execution for understudies with little association in their business did not change when they were asked for to mechanize. This was on account of they were still to some degree indeterminate about their execution in the manual errand and were thusly more receptive to endeavoring new work systems. This investigation induces that chiefs need to take after two techniques while displaying new errands. In any case, they need to outfit specialists with amending information about what the changed endeavors will be on the grounds that learning lessens fear. Second, executives need to advance their specialists that they will develop the capacities to do these assignments. The last can be capable if workers get agreeable and complete the process of planning and get reassurance that they won't be repelled if their execution levels drop at first while relearning the changed endeavors (Evelyn et al., 2010). Ethical Implications of Resistance Despite the fact that various researchers have tended to the territory of expert morals in hierarchical improvement and resistance to change in an organization, the writing is insufficient concerning the determination of sorts of ethical difficulties that happen. In any case, an audit of the accessible writing from works in hierarchical improvement, administration counseling, and preparing and advancement yields some consistency in thought and shape. Despite the fact that extending significantly in wording, the predicament classes portrayed harmonize surprisingly. For the most part, five sorts of ethical quandaries in authoritative improvement practice tend to be watched and portrayed by experts and researchers alike. Deception and agreement is an unavoidable and broadly happening quandary in organizational improvement practices. Such an issue, or decision circumstance, necessitates the operator of change or client system to decide on completely speaking to all accessible data and including or barring different gatherings engaged with the change exertion. Works by Pederzini (2016) have explored its inclination. This difficulty may happen for an assortment of reasons. In the first place, distortion and conspiracy can happen when the change operator distorts his/her aptitude base, instruction, encounter, accreditation, or, on the other hand, concentrated preparing, or when the customer framework distorts the association's advantage, need, or objective. The second real classification of ethical problems in authoritative change is the abuse of data. Such a problem or, then again choice condition requires the change expert or client structure to pick what information is used and how it is used. Mishandle of data in various leveled headway happens when the ponder consent or security of the client structure is harmed or dense. Manhandle of data as a break of ethics in the various leveled change in like manner may occur in two diverse ways. It may happen when data is contorted, deleted, or not nitty gritty by either the client structure or the change administrator, or when the data is used to overview individuals or social affairs entirely, achieving the individual, capable, or definitive insidiousness. Data concerning personality qualities, calling premium, and market information is visiting cases. According to Jason Pauline (2015), control and impulse constitute the third critical characterization of moral scrapes in legitimate change. The circumstance presents itself as a decision concerning the movement of the "complete flexibility" of various leveled individuals. On a very basic level, control and terrorizing happen when the legitimate progression effort requires various leveled people to abridge their own particular regards or needs without needing to. Obliged enthusiasm for a change effort, for instance, affectability getting ready, is exemplary. Immovably related are cases incorporating changes in singular properties or the structure of progressive people impacted. The fourth noteworthy class of moral quandaries in various leveled change is regard and target conflict. How Resistance to Change can be understood Expanded resistance to change can likewise come about when chiefs do not finish by submitting adequate assets to the change (Jim Annelie, 2014). In one open library, introductory worker responses to the presentation of a robotized flow framework and online inventory were by and large positive. Be that as it may, upper administration neglected to procure a specialist to present computerization, held back on framework particulars, acquired a second-rate mechanized framework, and exhausted existing faculty to kick the framework off. Quite a while later, the mechanized course framework was down as much as it was up, required a normal twenty-second reaction time when it was up, and had expanded both representative and supporter disappointment with the library. Furthermore, machine-comprehensible data on the library's accumulation must be input twice since framework disappointments made a significant part of the information be mistakenly deleted from the PC's memory banks. The staff who w ere at first strong of the framework created more elevated levels of dissatisfaction ever and in the end betrayed the framework. This is obviously a situation where executives neglected to confer adequate assets to arranging and actualizing an extensive change and specifically expanded worker resistance. In reality, Liwen Jingkun (2015) proposes that this is not extraordinary for assets (especially workforce assets) to be overextended or pulled back exactly when staff is encountering the best worry of change. Additionally, she includes that managers frequently hold back truly important things, e.g., finish preparing by specialists might be seen as a luxury instead of as a fundamental consumption related to change. Therefore, it is imperative for chiefs to be especially delicate to this issue, and to fundamentally inspect on the off chance that they have bolstered the advancement by giving every essential asset be it cash, time, expanded meticulousness by the administration, included staff, or whatever. An additional reason that workers oppose change is that administration regularly neglects to underline the positive parts of the change on expert and library esteems, e.g., enhanced service to supporters. Shockingly, a few administrators come up short both to keep workers educated of the esteems (which ought to be uncovered through the library's announcements of its main goal and objectives), and after that to tie the constructive outcomes of the change to these qualities. At the end of the day, if chiefs demand to enlist an accumulation assessment expert, they have to clarify that they are doing this to attempt beyond any doubt that gathering advancement endeavors are truly addressing client requirements (Marianne Susse, 2014). The relationship between Managerial Power and Resistance to Change Power has regularly been viewed as the capacity to motivate others to do what is needed of them, if vital, without wanting to. With regards to change, the utilization of power by administration appears to be both legitimate and inescapable given the high danger of disappointment ascribed to representative resistance noted in the opening section. On the off chance that representatives try not to need to change, at that point directors must utilize power the capacity to make them change despite their hesitance against their resistance. However, behind this direct comprehension of the part of the power and this 'straightforward' way to deal with hierarchical change lies a progression of imperative battles about various conceptualizations of power, as well as about the transaction amongst basic and managerial idea; and amongst scholarly and specialist discussions (Mel, 2012). Hierarchical or organizational change scholars do subscribe to one presumption of the basic scholars, that is: power and resistance, albeit substantively unique, are entwined. Without the likelihood of resistance, there is no requirement for power. Alternatively, on the other hand, to be more exact, if there is resistance (concerning the representatives), there is the avocation for the utilization of power (concerning directors). Regardless of this similitude, the conceptualization of resistance in the hierarchical change writing is not the one related to the basic custom: this is not resistance to control, yet the resistance of a broken kind driven by representatives' requirement for security. Some intricate researchers such as Rothaermel (2013) separate resistance and power to connote 'subjectively unique commitments to the result of power relations made by the individuals who practice power over others. From one viewpoint, and those subject to that power, on the other, they compar e resistance against mastery and in this manner honest to goodness resistance. Conclusion McManus (2011) initially suggested that clumsy administration techniques can make resistance change to quicken. Both rationale and research bolster this announcement and demonstrate to us the requirement for remedial administration activity. Remedial activity can incorporate sufficient giving data about change and be for the most part delicate to representative feelings of trepidation about change. Other positive advances incorporate persuading representatives that a genuine reason exists for the change and conferring adequate assets to the change to facilitate the progress procedure and lighten worker dissatisfaction. Administrators ought to likewise attach the change to enhanced benefactor service and ought to always work to make an atmosphere where representatives are urged to investigate new thoughts and give them a shot. Toyota Motor Corporation has built up proper authoritative structures, parts, and obligations regarding the change concerning the partners and attempting to tap their backings through the change exertion. This is done to ensure effective change management. The company has solid control, and the related detailing plan has been unmistakably settled to drive change. Toyota has additionally needed to appoint particular administrators to go up against brief part of giving the formal specialist by which changes are made. This is specific to the association since the change extends crosswise over many parts of the association. References Alexandra M., Rune T. Bernard B. (2013). The limitations of dispositional resistance in relation to organizational change. Management Decision, 761-780. Ansgar J. Thiessen Diana J. Ingenhoff. (2011). Safeguarding reputation through strategic, integrated and situational crisis communication management: Development of the integrative model of crisis communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16(1), 8-26. Binod K. Shrestha and Devi R. Gnyawali. (2013). Insights on strategic management practices in Nepal. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 2(2), 191-210. Dennis G. Erwin Andrew N. Garman. (2010). Resistance to organizational change: linking research and practice. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 39-56. Evelyn L., Don R. Aimie C. (2010). Successfully managing change during uncertain times. Strategic HR Review, 12-18. Jackson, C. (2011). Communication skills and accounting: do perceptions match reality? Strategic Direction, 27(2). Jason C. Pauline A. Found. (2015). The effect of resistance in organizational change programmes: A study of a lean transformation. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 274-295. Jim A. Annelie A. (2014). Deconstructing resistance to organizational change: a social representation theory approach. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 342-355. Liwen Tan, Jingkun Ding. (2015). The frontier and evolution of the strategic management theory: A scientometric analysis of Strategic Management Journal, 2001-2012. Nankai Business Review International, 6(1), 20-41. Madia, S. A. (2011). Best practices for using social media as a recruitment strategy. Strategic HR Review, 19-24. Marianne S. Vland Susse G. (2014). The socio-materiality of designing Organizational Change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 391-406. McManus, J. (2011). Revisiting ethics in strategic management. Corporaate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 11(2), 214-223. Mel, F. (2012). The Impact of Leadership, Management, and HRM on Employee Reactions to Organizational Change. In A. J. Joseph J. Martocchio (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (pp. 177-208). Emerald Publishing Limited. Pederzini, G. D. (2016). Strategic management cultures: historical connections with science. Journal of Management History, 22(2), 214-235. Rothaermel, F. T. (2013). Internal Analysis: Resources, Capabilities, and Activities. In F. T. Rothaermel, Strategic Management Concepts Cases. Mc-Graw Hil. Steven H. Appelbaum, Medea C. Degbe, Owen M., Thai-Son N. (2015). Organizational outcomes of leadership style and resistance to change (Part Two). Industrial and Commercial Training, 135-144.

Growing Up As A Negro In The South In The Early 1900s Is Not That Eas

Growing up as a Negro in the South in the early 1900's is not that easy, for some people tend to suffer different forms of oppression. In this case, it happens in the autobiography called Black Boy written by Richard Wright. The novel is set in the early part of the 1900's, somewhere in deep Jim Crow South. Richard Wright, who is obviously the main character, is also the protagonist. The antagonist is no one person in particular, for it takes many different forms called oppression in general. The main character over comes this oppression by rebelling against the common roles of the black, Jim Crow society. Richard Wright's character was affected in early childhood by the effects of societal oppression, but he became a great American author despite these negative factors in his life. Today everyone encounters some form of oppression. One of the forms Richard is encountering is called societal oppression. As an example, after Richard sees a black boy whipped by a white man, he asks his mother why did the incident happen. His mother says, ?The white man did not whip the black boy...He beat the black boy, ' (31). This quote is showing racism, which is one way of society keeping Richard Wright, and all other blacks in the South down. Another example is when is at the rail road station with his mother, and as they are waiting for the train, he sees something he has never seen, ...for the first time I noticed that there were two lines of people at the ticket window, a white line and a black line, (55). This excerpt is demonstrating how this scene of Jim Crow laws is keeping a certain group of people apart, which is also another form of societal oppression. Societal oppression occurs again when Richard is hanging out with his friends, and their conversation with each other leads on to the subject of war. One of his friends really get into the subject and says, ?Yeah, they send you to war, make you lick them Germans, teach you how to fight and when you come back they scared of you,' (90). This quote means that the white people put the black people on the front line to defend our count ry, and when they come back, they can not accept them, therefore they oppress them in different ways, which is societal oppression. The last example happens when Richard wants to borrow a library card, and so he thinks about asking his boss. After thinking about it for a while, he knew he could not ask him, for he knows the boss is a Caucasian Baptist, and Richard thinks that he would not be able to accept the fact of a black boy, such as Richard, would want to read and cultivate his intelligence. This would be considered societal oppression, for he knows his boss does not want Richard to be enlightened with books, in turn keeping Richard away from the light of knowledge. These are examples of societal oppression that Richard Wright overcomes and rises to the top on his own. Internalized oppression is a hard thing to overcome. One of the ways Richard Wright is confronted with internalized oppression is when he sees a black boy being beaten by a white man, so he automatically thinks that the white man is the boys father. ...Did not all fathers, like my father, have the right to beat their children? A paternal right was the only right, to my understanding... (31). This excerpt is showing internalized oppression, for he thinks it is okay for a parent to abuse their child, in turn having the child think that beating a child is okay, and only a parent can do the beating, which is completely wrong. Another case of internalized oppression occurs when Richard says a bad word, and then his Aunt Jody lectures him by saying, ?Richard, you are a very bad, bad boy,' (108). Later in the passage, he also says that he does not care that he is a bad boy. That states that Richard believes that he is a bad person, which means he is experiencing internalized oppression. Lat er in the novel, after Richard read some books,

MGMT302Chapter 13 Essay

MGMT302Chapter 13 Essay MGMT302Chapter 13 Essay 13 CHAPTER 13 MRP and ERP McGraw-Hill/Irwin Operations Management, Eighth Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights MRP ï  ® Material requirements planning (MRP): Computer-based information system that translates master schedule requirements for end items into time-phased requirements for subassemblies, components, and raw materials. Independent and Independent Demand Dependent Demand Dependent Demand A C(2) B(4) D(2) E(1) D(3) F(2) Independent demand is uncertain. Dependent demand is certain. Dependant Demand ï  ® Dependent demand: Demand for items that are subassemblies or component parts to be used in production of finished goods. ï  ® Once the independent demand is known, the dependent demand can be determined. MRP Inputs MRP Processing MRP Outputs Changes Order releases Master schedule Planned-order schedules Primary reports Bill of materials Inventory records MRP computer programs Secondary reports Exception reports Planning reports Performancecontrol reports Inventory transaction MPR Inputs ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Master Production Schedule Time-phased plan specifying timing and quantity of production for each end item. Material Requirement Planning Process c u d o Pr e e r T t u r t S e r u ct a e L i T d s e m Master Schedule Master schedule: One of three primary inputs in MRP; states which end items are to be produced, when these are needed, and in what quantities. Cumulative lead time: The sum of the lead times that sequential phases of a process require, from ordering of parts or raw materials to completion of final assembly. Planning Horizon Assembly Subassembly Fabrication Procurement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bill-of-Materials Bill of materials (BOM): One of the three primary inputs of MRP; a listing of all of the raw materials, parts, subassemblies, and assemblies needed to produce one unit of a product. Product structure tree: Visual depiction of the requirements in a bill of materials, where all components are listed by levels. Product Structure Tree Level 0 1 Chair Leg Assembly 2 Legs (2) 3 Cross bar Seat Back Assembly Side Cross Back Rails (2) bar Supports (3) Inventory Records ï  ® ï  ® One of the three primary inputs in MRP Includes information on the status of each item by time period ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Gross requirements Scheduled receipts Amount on hand Lead times Lot sizes And more †¦ Assembly Time Chart Procurement of raw material D Fabrication of part E Subassembly A Procurement of raw material F Procurement of part C Final assembly and inspection Procurement of part H Fabrication of part G Procurement of raw material I 1 2 3 Subassembly B 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 MRP Processing ï  ® Gross requirements ï  ® Schedule receipts ï  ® Projected on hand ï  ® Net requirements ï  ® Planned-order receipts ï  ® Planned-order releases MPR Processing ï  ® Gross requirements ï  ® ï  ® Scheduled receipts ï  ® ï  ® Total expected demand Open orders scheduled to arrive Planned on hand ï  ® Expected inventory on hand at the beginning of each time period MPR Processing ï  ® Net requirements ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Actual amount needed in each time period Planned-order receipts ï  ® Quantity expected to received at the beginning of the period ï  ® Offset by lead time Planned-order releases ï  ® Planned amount to order in each time period Updating the System ï  ® Regenerative system ï  ® ï  ® Updates MRP records periodically Net-change system ï  ® Updates MPR records continuously MRP Outputs ï  ® Planned orders - schedule indicating the amount and timing of future orders. ï  ® Order releases - Authorization for the execution of planned orders. ï  ® Changes - revisions of due dates or order quantities, or cancellations of orders. MRP Secondary Reports ï  ® Performance-control reports ï  ® Planning reports ï  ®

Teaching People About Other Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching People About Other Cultures - Essay Example This essay declares that teachers lack the cultural understanding of the immigrant students and hence fail to understand them in the classrooms. Furthermore, this children also face hardships whenever they are trying to become adopted in the learning system. This is majorly due to social mobility and financial constrains as most of them are undocumented students. Teachers on the other hand can face difficulties while trying to deal with a class of immigrant children. The children have a wide range of needs ranging from unique emotional needs to community conflicts. The best solution for such teachers is to utilize such immigrant students in the classrooms since they have much to offer in the learning community. This students push learning institutions to adopt innovative teaching and interacting strategies such as diverse communication skills. This paper makes a conclusion that it is essential for most learning institutions to integrate various teaching models such as the cultural straddle model so as to assist students and teachers with problems in adopting cultural diversification. With this model, learning institutions will be able to equip teachers with the required ability to relate to the students and share a diversified ground. Cultural competency is advantageous to all institutions as it fosters interactions and team effort regardless of individual’s background. The cultural and racial competence is an important skill for teachers to adopt as it enhances teaching skills and thinking.

The Dangers of Cyber-Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Dangers of Cyber-Terrorism - Research Paper Example The face of international terrorism is beginning to change at a quick speed. Even though the motives keep on being the identical, United States is now confronted with cutting edge and unusual tools. The intelligence strategies, safety strategies, and devices which are designed to shield us, now are immobilized against this latest disastrous tactic, known as cyber terrorism. Moreover, the ways of counter terrorism that the world depends on have become fairly outdated since this opponent is not going to strike people with explosives, however, this enemy strikes with computer viruses and aims to interrupt our computer units which people have grown to be so reliant on. (Collin, 1997) Cyber strikes, system safety and data present complicated troubles that hit into new places for nationwide safety and public plan. This paper examines one list of concerns – those associated with cyber-terrorism and cyber offenses on crucial system and their ramifications for countrywide safety. Cyber-terrorism is â€Å"the consumption of computer system resources to turn off crucial national infrastructures (for example power, transport, federal government procedures) or even force or torment a government or civilian populace.† The idea of cyber terrorism tends to be that as countries and vital infrastructure grew to become more influenced by computer systems for their functioning, innovative vulnerabilities are built – â€Å"a substantial computerized Achilles heel.†

Do women 'choose' to wear make up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do women 'choose' to wear make up - Essay Example Though makeup has been in production since 3500 B.C., it became a female necessity in the early 20th century (Peril, 2002). Makeup was created for the sole purpose for women to hide any flaws and blemishes that others, mainly men, did not wish to see on them. In essence, makeup was designed to make women look more desirable to the eye. Due to makeup, a woman was hardly ever seen for who and what she really was; this seemed to be how men liked it. Oddly enough, most makeup was advertised as enabling women to feel better about themselves, though all it did was give the majority of women a complex of self-consciousness, and the only people it seemed to positively affect was males. Makeup was the subtle way of telling a woman that she was not pretty enough, and that she could look better than she originally does. From a young age, women were taught this and they were convinced that makeup would not only make them feel better, but that it would also make them look better. When it came to being a female, looking your best was always, for some reason, what mattered the most above all other characteristics. Because of how young they are when they are influenced by makeup, when it comes to whether or not women have the choice to wear makeup, it can be said that many of them do not. Even as children, girls would watch their moms spend time everyday in front of the mirror - and often more than one time a day - applying makeup, trying to look her best. Some of these little girls were given toy makeup kits to play with; whether these were meant for fun or for early makeup applying practice, it cannot be said (Peril, 2006). Even if they were meant for pretend play, girls were still subjected and influenced by makeup from that young age, during those young years when they should have been more concerned with having a childhood. As they get older, they are subjected to other types of makeup; once they have all of the various types on their

System Analysis Cinema Booking Information Technology Essay

System Analysis Cinema Booking Information Technology Essay Waterfall Life Cycle: Waterfall life cycle is the most familiar and classic life cycle model. It is sometimes referred to as the classic life cycle or the linear sequential model. It the simplest type of life cycle and very easy to use and understand. In the waterfall life cycle, each phase needs to be completed before the next phase can start. Each phase is separate and does theres no overlapping. Requirements Analysis System Design Implementation Unit Testing Integration System Testing Operation Maintenance Phases: Requirement Analysis: Requirements are collected from end-user consultations and then analyzed. A requirement Specification Document is created which guides the next phases of the model. System Design: System design is prepared by studying the requirements specification from the 1st phase. The hardware requirements are specified in this stage and a picture of the overall system architecture is produced. Implementation Unit Testing: In this phase, the work is divided in small units; actual coding starts. Testing makes sure that the software successfully meets the required specification; and that any errors are identified. Integration System Testing: All units are integrated and tested to ensure that the system meets the requirements. At the end of this stage, the software is delivered to the customer. Operation Maintenance: This is the longest phase in the model. The software is updated in this phase to correct any errors, make the software more efficient and to meet the changing needs of the customers. Advantages: It is a linear sequential model Very easy simple to implement; therefore well suited for small projects It is also cheaper Minimal amount of resources are required to implement this model Testing is done after each phase to ensure the project is on the right path Easily manageable because model is rigid; each phase has certain deliverables a review process after a phase is over, which makes understanding of the designing procedure simpler. Disadvantages: High risk uncertainty. Not suited for long projects where the requirements may change. The working software is only produced late during the life cycle. It is difficult to estimate the cost and time for each stage. No back tracking possible; if an error occurred in the earlier stages of the cycle, it cant be corrected for that batch. V-Shaped Model: The V-Shaped Model is very similar to the Waterfall model life cycle, but testing is done upfront instead of later in the life cycle like in Waterfall model. Like Waterfall model, V-Shaped Model is also a sequential cycle and a new phase is only started after the completion of the previous phase. Each development stage is matched with its respective testing stage; Requirements Æ’Â   System Testing, High-Level Design Æ’Â   Integration Testing, Low-Level Design Æ’Â   Unit Testing. V-Shaped model is very useful for systems which require high reliability. System Testing Requirements Integration Testing High-Level Design Low-Level Design Unit Testing Implementation Phases: Requirements: Commences the life cycle; system test plan is created. High-Level Design: Focuses on design system architecture; integration tests are created. Low-Level Design: Software components are designed unit tests are created. Implementation: Coding takes place in this phase. Advantages: Its easy to use; but not as easy as the waterfall model. More chance of success than the waterfall model due to the early testings. Project moves quickly to the implementation stage. Useful for small projects; considering the requirements are easily understood known upfront. Disadvantages: Bugs in the final stage are very costly to fix. Total development time of v-shaped model is more than the waterfall model. Does not contain any risk analysis activities Throwaway Prototyping model: Very useful in situations the users needs and requirements are not clear. The main objective of this model is to validate or drive the system requirements. This model is developed to reduce the requirement risks. This prototype is developed and then delivered to the user for experiments and then it is discarded, hence throw away prototype; and it should not be considered as a final system. Advantages: Requirement risks are fewer If delivered model does not meet the users needs, then it can be discarded and new models can be developed. Disadvantages: Can be undocumented Developers may be push to deliver the throw away prototype as the final system, which is not recommended. System structure may be degraded due to the changes made during the software development process. Evolutionary Prototyping model: In evolutionary prototyping, the initial prototype is developed and it is then refined through number of stages to final stage. The main objective is to deliver the working system to the user. Verification is not possible because there is no specification. Requirement gathering, Refinement Quick Design Building Prototype Refine Requirement End-User Evaluation End Product Refine Prototype Advantages: System development involves the user Working system is delivered fast A more useful system can be delivered Disdvantages: Time required to complete project is unknown. May have problems; Management, Maintenance and Verification problems. Incremental model: The incremental model is similar to the Waterfall life cycle model, but there are multiple development cycles here, which makes it a multi-waterfall cycle. It has an iterative approach (repeating), and each iteration passes through each of the phases. A working version of software can be produced during the first iteration, which means a functioning software is available early in the cycle. 1st Increment Analysis Test Code Design 1st Increment delivery 2nd Increment 2nd Increment delivery Analysis Test Code Design nth Increment Test Code Design Analysis nth Increment delivery Time Advantages: Working Software can be developed quickly early during the life cycle. Its less costly to change requirements therefore; Flexible. Easier to test and fix errors End-users get to see working software early in the software development life cycle. Disadvantages: The total development cost is higher Well defined project planning is required to distribute the work properly. Spiral Model: Also known as Spiral lifecycle model. This model combines the features of the waterfall model and the prototyping model. The Spiral Model is most commonly used in large, complicated and expensive projects; and constant review is needed to stay on target. The main area in which Spiral model is used is Game development due to the constantly changing goals size of the large project. Cumulative Cost Progress 1. Determine Objectives, Alternatives, Constraints 2. Evaluate alternatives. Identify, and resolve risks. Review 3. Development Tests 4. Plan next Phases Advantages: Important issues can be discovered earlier, which makes estimation of budget schedule more realistic reliable. Good amount of risk analysis Really good for large projects Software can be conceived early in the life cycle. Flexible allows for multiple iterations. Disadvantages: Not suitable for smaller projects Success of the project depends on the risk analysis Costly Requires knowledgeable staff; for risk analysis. 2. Identification of the Functions and Purpose of a Systems Life Cycle. The systems life cycle is a series of well-defined phases in the development of systems. It is very important that a project should meet the required specification, should be within budget and delivered on time. Large system developments can take a long time to be developed and can be very costly too; therefore most organisations use the systems life cycle (stages) to develop systems because it saves time isnt as costly. Programming Maintenance Installation Design Feasibility Study Analysis 1. Feasibility study Different solutions are examined in this stage. First step of this stage is to discover the funds available and then compare with the benefits of the company, in view of their requirements because sometimes in order to arrive at final decision a trade-off (give and take) has to be accepted e.g. less functionality for less cash. There are three different options that a company could choose: Options Benefit Cost Performance Company does not change anything No interference to the business. Least cost System remains outdated. Less efficient N/A Company updates half of the system Least efficient parts are redesigned to improve performance while best parts of the system are not changed Moderate, light training for staff 40% improved Complete upgrade More profitable High, New equipments, Upgraded Software, Training for staff. 80% improved (over the old system) 2. Investigation and Analysis Investigation First step of this stage is to investigate the old system and problem it is causing. There are different ways to find out the problems: Questionnaires and Interviews Observing people using the old system Following the information from the point it enters the system till the point of output. Taking the cause of the problem These steps should lead toward the true cause of the problem Analysis The next part is to analyze how the existing system works how information is handled and how people interact with it. To Analyze, different methods are used e.g. System diagrams This shows the dealings between different systems in the company or outside. System diagram shows how they interact and what depends on what and so on. Data Flow Diagram This shows the movement through the system, how the system deals with the information, how information flows through the system, how dose it connect and disconnect and what the outputs are. Process Diagram This shows how people interact with the system for example an employee makes a claim, first it will go to manager who will counter-sign the claim it will then go to account manager who authorizes payment and so on. 3. Design This stage defines the system in greater detail and the best way to start this stage is to write down exact details of the new system e.g. The data Inputs The data Outputs Screen Layouts Documents that are printed out Procedure of the data that flows through the system The structure of any files that store data How information is accessed And so on The testing procedure comes after the system has been built. In my opinion it is really useful to build a test procedure before starting to build a system because, if you know how the system will be tested, it will lead you towards a better design. Prototype Prototype is something that allows you to build a program without having to worry about the details, it is to confirm that design is likely to work. The master document created in this stage is called System Requirement Document. 4. Programming This stage takes the design forward and put it into practice and this stage take place when the client has agree on what needs to be done (Requirement Specification) and the Analyst has clearly described what needs to be done(System Requirement Document). There are several terms involved in this stage so it is reasonable to break down the System Requirement Document into sections that each can develop. At this stage following things may take place: The software developers write code The hardware people develop equipment The testing team develops test plans The user-testing groups follow the test plans and check the system works as expected 5. Installation Now the system is developed and tested and it is working correctly and doing what client wanted. The key events in this stage are: Data conversion: Data stored on the old system are now converted into the correct format for the new system. System Change Over: switch off the old system and turn on the new system, which is not as simple as it sound. Alternatives Run the old and new system in parallel for a time Customer does not care what your IT system is made up of, they are only concerned about their order. One method is to run the old system along the new one, then in the quiet time the new system store the old system data and is then fully loaded and ready to go. Training Training is the vital part of this stage, staff training must take place. Staff needs to be shown how to use the new system How to access help when they run into difficulties Member of a development team should be available on call A user manual should be available for staff 6. Maintenance The new system is running smoothly and it will need to be looked after so maintenance stage takes care of the following that can take place: Problems are cleared as they occur Tweaks to the system are applied to improve performance The system has to be moved due to office movement Data is backed up and kept safe Equipment are replace as required Basically this stage never ends until the new system becomes old and is then switch with new system. 3. Undertake a User Needs Analysis (UNA) for your system. SYSTEM USED: CINEMA BOOKING SYSTEM UNA is the first stage in the system development process. UNA in system developing includes task that is demanded by the user for new or different system. Requirements must be actionable, measurable, and testable and must be related to user needs. The best way to undertake UNA in my view is to have a workshop with the users who will use the new system. This will give me one clear idea of what the new system must do. When working on developing the new system Ill have a better idea of what users wants from the new system, keeping every users requirements in mind. So Ill set up a workshop, in which Ill ask users what they want from the new system. I will document their requirements as I go along. Basically Ill ask different questions from the users and then the users themselves will work out what kind of a new system they want. Questions that Ill ask users: What the new system should do? Do you want it to be networked with other computers? How long the information needs to be saved? Should staff login when using the system? Anything needs to be printing? What information needs to be print out? Payment procedure/ types of cards? Discounts: student Inputs, process and outputs Internet booking/ serial number only for internet booking This is how Ill design the system, keeping in view the users requirements. It will be an advanced system which will be quite reliable and it will be easy for the users to use this system. System Requirements: Inputs Serial number only for Internet booking Name Payment Age/ discount Name of the movie Date Process Theater Number Discount reduction Output Movie ticket for customer Information saved in the system This program is supposed to save the information of the customer and print out a movie ticket containing the required information. Print out of the ticket Name Age payment Discount Payment after discount Theater Number Movies name Date System will show this information on the Ticket. 4. Produce a Systems Context Diagram for your system. User/ Staff New system Customer Info given Input filled Data saved Ticket Process Calculate discount if applied and check for seats in theatre Saved in server for 3 days and is access able by any member of staff Checks the Ticket Ticket given Check movie and time Login Administrator Login Update Movie Data Delete Old Data Updates the system This Diagram explains the program I am building for the Cinema. Circles in the diagram mean the first thing is done by Administrator, User/ Staff and the customer. Explanation: Administrator must update the system by inserting new movies and deleting old movies. User/ Staff is the person who can access the system by login in and takes the details (info given) of the customer. User/ Staff then enter the details (input filled) in the system. News System will process the input and process it, calculate discount if applied and check for seats available in theatre. Itll then give two outputs Data Saved and Ticket. Data Saved meaning the data will be saved in a server for three days and is access able by any member for staff but the saved data cannot be changed after the Ticket is printed out. Ticket will be printed out and is going to be checked by the staff. Staff will give the ticket to the customer. 5. Produce a Level 1 Current Physical Data Flow Diagram for your system. D1 User/ Staff/ counter Enquires Deposits and Withdrawals Process customer data Tickets recheck Data store System Cash Customer Customer details/ data Print Ticket Details are checked Ticket handed to the customer Resource Flow Data Flow Outside data Process D2 In this Physical Data flow diagram customer, who is outside data, goes to the counter to purchase a ticket for the movie. Counter/ staff take his query and process it, system then stores the data and process a ticket, which is given to the customer. 6. Produce a Level 1 Required Logical DFD for your system. Admin User/ Staff Customer System Process Data Stored Ticket Updates the System Customer details/ data Ticket Input customer detail/ data Calculates discounts Theatre No. Stores in a server Print out Ticket details are checked by user/ staff Data Flow Source of Data In this Diagram Admin is updating the data for the system and user is taking the detail/ data of the customer and entering it in the system to process a Ticket for customer. 7. Decompose one of the processes to a Level 2 Required Logical Data Flow Diagram for your system. Admin System Process Data Stored Updates the System Adding new movie data Deleting old movie data Stores admin new data Stores customer data Movie is suitable for customer (age) Theatre availability Calculate discounts Store data in server Auto deletes 3 days old customer data Access to old data In this Diagram Admin is updating the data for the system and system is processing customer details against admin updated data and it is then stored in a server for three days. 8. Construct a Logical Data Structure for the system you are producing. Customer Staff/ counter Ticket Enquires Ticket Customer will seek staff on counter for any enquiry or to purchase a movie ticket Provide service to customer Staff will take customer details from customer for a movie ticket To process a Ticket, staff will have to enter customer details in the system for a movie ticket Ticket is handed to the customer after staff checks for any errors 9. With the aid of your Logical Data Structure, produce an Entity/Event Matrix for your database system. Customer Purchasing a ticket for a movie Enquiry Staff/ Counter Staff/ Counter Solve the issue Yes No Job done Admin Enter customer details in the system System process Ticket Data stored Staff (checks it) Customer (takes ticket) Server 10. Describe the Required Physical Data Model. Customer details/ data Admin Admin login Update new movie data Delete old movie data Problem solving Staff Customer service System operator Staff login handle customer details Ticket Cashier Customer Enquires Ticket purchaser Updates the System Input customer detail/ data System Customer internet serial no. Customer name Customer age Payment method Discount Amount paid Name of the movie Theatre number Date Stores admin updated data Access to old data Check for any errors on the ticket Process Movie is suitable for the customer (age) Discount reduction Theatre number Draft ticket Print out Data stored Stored in server Access able Auto delete 3 days old data Ticket Customer name Customer age Payment method Discount Amount paid Movies name Theatre number Date Admin updates the system and solve problems Staff handles the customers and input the customers details in the system System processes the data and check for availabilities Data is stored for 3 days Ticket is issued for customer as a receipt

The Deplorable Willy Loman of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

The Deplorable Willy Loman of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For those of you that don't know what deplorable means then you need to check out the tragic play "Death of a Salesman", by the American writer, Arthur Miller.   The main character of this story is Willy Loman, who is almost the walking definition of this word. The life of Willy Loman is portrayed as a   tragic existence for these   few reasons;   he was a ghastly role model for his sons,   a inconsiderate and unfaithful husband, he allowed one incident to affect the rest of his life, and finally, he killed himself, when he still had so much to live for.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, Willy was a dire role model for his two sons Biff and Happy.   He was a loving and giving father, but he always treated Biff better than he did Happy.   Biff was the all-star quarterback and everyone in the city loved and admired him.  Ã‚   Willy was no different, he always put Biff before anyone else in his household, which is something that a father should never do to his family.   Willy's love for his sons was very apparent, however he set in them very low moral values.   For example, Willy told Biff and Happy to run up the street and steal some sand to finish some steps, which tells them that stealing is OK.   This is a trait set in him by his father, which proves to haunt him his entire life.   Willy was also a cheat, whether it was adultery or simple card cheat, his dishonesties certainly rubbed off on his children, and proved to be the downfall in their lives.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Willy affected more than just his sons   life with his deceit.   He greatly altered his own when he was caught in the mist of an affair with a meaningless prostitute, by his beloved son Biff.   This event proved to be the turning point in these two individuals lives. Willy's wife Linda, was a great women who certainly didn't deserve the heartache and disrespect that Willy gave her.   For instance, on many occasions in the story Willy is talking to his sons, and Linda will simply try to state something until Willy orders her to, "shut up.

A Latin Christmas Essay

In Martin Espada’s â€Å"Latin Night at the Pawnshop,† the poet examines the Latin culture during Christmas time in a young, but still growing community of Latino immigrants. The poem proposes that during some time in America, people of Latino descent could not enjoy themselves during the holidays as they would if they were in their own country. Therefore, the theme of the poem is heavily influenced by the demise of Latin culture in America. Espada augments his poem to make the theme clear by using the following elements of poetry: diction and tone, symbols, and imagery. Diction and tone play a critical role in Espada’s poem. In the first line, Espada uses what I think to be the most important word in the whole poem, â€Å"apparition†, to bring about a vision he has of a salsa band through the window of a pawnshop. The word apparition means a ghostlike image. By evaluating this word and its context, the poem itself has created a tone right away. We can say that the mood of this poem is very gloomy and depressing when all one can see is a ghost and nothing else. The poem then continues with descriptive words to describe other aspects. For instance, the word â€Å"gleaming† is introduced. The word gleaming means to shine brightly. By introducing this word, the poet draws emphasis on how important this salsa band is to him during Christmas. However, locked in the shop are â€Å"gleaming† instruments that can’t play no more and Christmas to him is left in utter silence. Moreover, Espada mentions two distinct colors, a â€Å"golden trumpet† (line 4) and a â€Å"silver trombone† (line 5). Both silver and gold help represent the time of Christmas. Almost all Christmas trees use silver and gold ornaments as a decorative feature. Also, the poem ends with another word worth noting, â€Å"morgue†. A morgue is a place where dead bodies are kept. Ironically, during Christmas, we don’t associate death with such a joyful time. However, in this poem, a connotation for the word morgue could include death. Now, putting all these elements together, we can conclude that Espada is revealing a very dark Christmas he had gone through. A Christmas where there was no trumpet blowing, no trombone playing, no congas drumming, no maracas swinging, no tambourines shaking, and that all present was just the thought of it-no real Christmas. Espada also uses symbols to further develop his point. The three major symbols in this poem are indeed the pawnshop, the instruments, and the price tags. First, the essence of the pawnshop itself is important because it tells a story, beyond itself. Sometimes money gets in the way of a person’s happiness. As a result, we pawn the stuff we really cherish for a quick buck. Espada is trying to explain that on top of the struggles Latinos face, they also must sacrifice the things they love. Second, the instruments tell us a great deal about the demise of Latin culture in America. Instead of being played and making great music during the holidays, they sit there unused. Espada in his poem creates an unwanted feeling. Lastly, the price tags that resemble that of a dead man’s toe are equally important. The tickets symbolize the presence of death where there should be life. The Latin culture in the town of Chelsea is completely dead. Latinos have given up on their culture in place where it’s not truly accepted. These elements create the point Espada is trying to express. Imagery is also an important aspect to this poem. The poet creates imagery that attacks several senses and by doing so, it also helps pinpoint the importance of different ideas. Espada writes, â€Å"gleaming in the Liberty loan pawnshop window,† (line 2). As one reads, you can’t help but imagine seeing this bright light coming out through a window and showing you a salsa band. Furthermore, Espada mentions several instruments. With this inclusion, one can imagine hearing the sounds of these lovely instruments playing coherently and in sync together. However, Espada also writes, â€Å"all the price tags dangling like the city morgue ticket on a dead man’s toe,† (lines 7,8,9). This image develops a kind of chilly and nervous feeling about what’s actually going on in the poem. All in all, by putting these sources of imagery together, you notice what the poet is trying convey. Espada is drawing our attention to a salsa band and all of its instruments, but in the end things aren’t always what we want or expect. The Latino culture is nothing more than an illusion, in a land that does not treat its immigrants well. Thus, in â€Å"Latin Night at the Pawnshop,† Espada creates a poem that expresses  his concerns about Latin culture in Massachusetts in the late 1980’s by using different elements of poetry. The power of diction and tone, symbols, and imagery, enrich the central theme the poet wants to make. Espada does a great job converting one simple moment, into a thousand words and ideas.

American Identy in the World essays

American Identy in the World essays Actions speak louder than words. This phrase has proven exceedingly true when one is talking about the image that America portrays to Iraqis. We as Americans can say all that we want about spreading peace and freedom, but Americans in general have no idea what other people on the other side of the world are going through so that Americans can feel safer. Iraqi writers such as Riverbend, Salam Pax, and Fadhil Al-Azzawi point out that even though America says that it is fighting for freedom, there is very little evidence of that from their side of the world. The main theme that comes out of these three writers publications is that America is there for themselves and not for the Iraqi people, and that America is not a giver of freedoms, but rather a taker of freedoms. This is not to say that America has not given Iraq some freedoms, like the freedom to not live in oppression. However it is that taking away of the small freedoms that makes an Iraqi feel free. Everything about and Iraqis daily life is difficult, whether it is worrying about car bombs, abductions, rapes, or whether they will have electricity that day or not. All of these things has made everyday tasks such as sleeping, going to school, watching television, or just listening to music a tremendous task. In Al-Azzawis poem Feast in Candlelight he says, They will drink from the same bottle and watch the evening fall among the trees. Parades of drunken soldiers wave their bloody flags and march down the street(Al-Azzawi 2). This shows the authors image of America as just a bunch of soldiers from a country drunk with power and their victory is paraded by as the righteous killing of Iraqis. As Riverbend says in her blog called Baghdad is Burning, The Iraqi people feel that they are nothing but the new communists from the Cold War era(Riverbend); meaning that they are just something that is m ...

Martha Ballard essays

Martha Ballard essays Life in todays world, the 21st century, has become a fantasy in which people in the past centuries could have never imagined. We are introduced to mans new technology inventions, which make our lives extra comforting, everyday. Yet, its amazing how we grant every little moment. However, life has not always been this effortless. In the story of A Midwifes Tale, we are presented to the living conditions of Martha Ballard, whom is a midwife living in the 18th century, through her dairies. The dairies reflect the suffering and tribulations she went through, while working. At the same time, teach us lessons about her heroic character, her undying devotion for her job, ways of living and lastly her religious beliefs. Martha was no ordinary midwife she preformed 816 deliveries between 1785 and 1812. Shes on call 24 seven and commits all her strength to her job. Since transportation was very limited, getting around from place to place was extremely difficult, especially during wintertime. Though the snow and rain couldnt stop Martha from her what she loved. Her devoted passion for her career can be described in these quotes; Pushing through ice in several places...she walked across, almost reaching shore before breaking through to her waist...dragged herself out, and rode dripping to the delivery. Religion played an essential part in Marthas life. Her fate in god was the only element that she knew was going to save her through the hardship of the usual daily events. In addition, she was even more grateful, here in her eateries of April 24, 1789, after crossing the stream on the way on fleeting Loggs safely she notes, Wonder Full is the Goodness of providence. ...

Human Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resources - Assignment Example This is aimed at ensuring that all the roles work together to drive its business objectives. Tesco has a seven-part framework that describes the major skills and behaviors for each job at every level in the organization. This aids the employees to comprehend whether they have the right skills, knowledge, or resources to carry out their roles We are going to have an insight how Tesco company will utilize workforce planning to ensure that employees work efficiently. This is a systematic assessment of the future needs of the workforce and the determination of actions and strategies that are needed to meet those needs. Moreover, it is a systematic process that is integrated, ongoing, and methodological. It determines the human capital skills, when and where they will be required to meet the objectives of the organization. Discussion Workforce planning, organizational culture and employee efficiency It is very crucial for a company like Tesco to plan ahead thus the need for work force pla nning. This is because the company is rapidly expanding. This is because vacancies arise from the company when it creates new jobs when it changes its processes and technology, if employees leave the company, and when it opens new stores internationally and in the UK. As a result, the company uses strategic workforce planning where the positions are open, funded, and filled. Strategic workforce planning takes into consideration the projected loss of knowledge through exist of employees and the projected knowledge requirements for progressing and sustaining the business. The knowledge requirements may include new skills, technology, new roles, and documentation of key the workforce intelligence or new business demands. Planning is more agile, proactive, not exclusively top-down, less reactive and more driven by the line leadership. Therefore, workforce planning is a method that a business uses to forecast on the number and type of employees they currently need now and also in future. They then match the right type of employees to the requirements of the business. Workforce planning is helpful to many businesses as it helps them to identify trends, anticipation change, and implementing new policies from the human resources. Moreover, it is also an important part of the overall strategic plan of a business and should be centralized to ensure that the whole business can actually be taken into account. Strategic workforce planning helps the business leaders to anticipate the type, quality, and number of talent needed to execute the strategies of the business (Morell, 2011: 56-8). Tesco utilizes a workforce planning table to determine the anticipated demand for new staff. This considers both the non-managerial and managerial positions. The managers use this as a tool for determining where to focus development and also how to leverage the knowledge of the long term workers. For the employees it is an opportunity to contribute ideas and energy for improving the compan ies operations, future career opportunities, and an opportunity to understand the priorities of work and where contribution and skill is required most. The workforce planning process includes planning, implementing, evaluation, and assessment. The steps for workforce analysis include, conducting a workload analysis, assessing the current programs gaps, establishing the future skills gap and the capability requirements,

Drug Development Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drug Development Process - Essay Example Each step should follow the guidelines provided by the Food and Drug Administration. Product for development which has been marketed or studied previously will undergo the same steps. According to the February 1993 report by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, one company costs $359 million in U.S. To be able to get one new medicine from the laboratory testing to the pharmacist's shelf, the process usually takes 12 years on the average and only 5 in 5,000 will make it to human testing. And only one of the 5 will be approved.(FDAreview.org).. The first step is to analyze the target to be developed. Before developing a drug, you must identify first the state of the disease and the symptoms to which the development of drug will be base to. It is important to identify the target. The key decision if whether the target for therapeutic intervention is one that will have a positive effect on managing the disease in question. There are some companies who want to further develop their product. For example, a drug for diabetes will be developed; the company should specify what would be the added pharmacological action on their drug. This will be the basis for the clinical testing that the new product should undergo. Metabolic pathway is a new approach in addressing and developing enhanced disease, understanding platforms with the potential to design significantly more effective drugs against many human diseases, including cancer. (Schimdt , 2004). There are several factors that controls the level of drug in the individual patients, including environment, patient compliance and genetic differences. . The metabolic pathway will give insight on the possible kinetic problems that may occur by providing which specific enzyme the drug is metabolized. In this step the drug manufacturer will be able to identify the isozymes responsible for the metabolism in humans. Nowadays, there is several computer aided system in testing the metabolic pathways of a drug. 3) Molecular Specificity In this step the molecules to be added in the drug should be specified for further analysis. Added molecules in a drug can alter the potency and efficacy of a drug. To be able to identify the molecules to be added, there are several new technology which can be of help to be able to shorten the period of this test. One molecule can affect the phamacological action of a drug, for example one molecule added to morphine can increase its painkilling effect. 4) Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) The Quantitative Structure - Activity Relationship or QSAR predict and analyze the drug activity. The QSAR represent an attempt to correlate structural or property descriptors of compound with activities. In QSAR the hydrophobicity, topology, electronic properties, and steric effects, are determined empirically, or more recently by computational methods. Activities used in QSAR include chemical measurements and

In the Iliad, analyze the critical similarities or differences between Essay

In the Iliad, analyze the critical similarities or differences between the Trojans and the Achaians - Essay Example A central theme throughout The Iliad is the recognition by both the Trojans and the Achaians that the gods of Olympus would determine the final outcome of the conflict. This shared belief is shown throughout the story in many different ways. One manifestation of this shared belief in the intercession of deity in the lives of men in The Iliad is through the casting of lots. In essence, this is the same as drawing a name out of a hat to see who wins something. But for the Trojans and the Achaians, it is a means of knowing the will of the gods. When the Achaians needed to know who should fight against Hektor, the lot fell upon Aias. This relieved the Trojans because this was the very person they had been praying would receive the chance to fight Hektor. This shared belief in the intervention of gods in the conflict is also shown in the direct speech between the two warring armies. At the beginning of Hektor’s challenging speech to the Achaians, he expresses his belief that both s ides have found ill favor with Zeus. That is why neither side can prevail. The prayer of the Achaians is also telling in this regard. They prayed that their champion, Aias might prevail over Hektor, but only if Zeus loves Aias more than Hektor. They prayed that if Zeus loved them equally, then they wanted each to return from individual battle with equal honor and safety. This, in fact, is what happened in this particular instance. Another shared cultural feature of the Trojans and the Achaians is the emphasis on honorable actions and bravery. Bravery, bravado and physical prowess are marks of honor and distinction for both societies. In his speech to the Achaians, Nestor upbraids his countrymen for not being willing to challenge Hektor. He states clearly that he would do it himself if he were not so old. He then recounts fights that he won that brought him honor. He makes it clear that none of the assembled Achaians were worthy of such honor because they

Young Goodman Brown Essay Example for Free

Young Goodman Brown Essay Young Goodman Brown is a story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne with many interpretations. It is a story of Young Goodman Brown’s adventure that many believe was a journey away from home. Some people believe that he was trying to get at the community and everyday social life. One way to interpret it is that Young Goodman Brown was simply taking a journey in his sleep a dream. When reading this story, there are many ways to interpret it as a dream. Hawthorne says, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown came forth, at sunset, into the street of Salem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1289) which could literally mean the sun is setting and that night is coming upon him. He also says that Brown â€Å"put his head back† (1289) which could reference him lying down before bed. After this, he kisses his wife Faith, and leaves her to go on his â€Å"journey. † I feel that he is really kissing her goodnight before he goes to sleep. When he â€Å"looked back, and saw the head of the Faith still peeping after him,† he is really opening his eyes and see that she is still awake. When Goodman Brown sees that Faith is still awake he says â€Å"God bless you and you may find all well, when you come back† (1289), I interpreted all this as Goodman Brown had been cheating on Faith. In the beginning of the story, Goodman Brown â€Å"came forth† (1289), or came home, meaning he had not been there the whole time. Goodman Brown even asks Faith, â€Å"dost thou doubt me already, and we but three months married! † Stating the fact that she is starting to doubt Goodman Brown and their relationship. I also interpreted the wife’s name Faith as faith in their relationship. Goodman Brown’s dream begins when he â€Å"leave[s] her [Faith] on such an errand† (1289). Leaving her could either be the realization of his cheating, or him falling asleep. When he begins to describe his journey, he says that he â€Å"had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest†¦ It was as lonely as could be; and there was peculiarity in such a solitude, that the traveler knows not who may be concealed by the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs overhead; so that, with lonely footsteps he may yet be passing through an unseen multitude† (1289). The dreary, gloomy, lonely road represents the road in which he has decided to take by cheating. The people being concealed by the tree trunks represent possible friends of Faith’s that could catch Goodman Brown and tell his wife. The unseen multitude signifies the many lovers. Later in the story, Goodman Brown meets up with his companion that is never given a name. I interpreted the companion as not the devil, which he is portrayed as, but the temptation to cheat. The character is described to have a â€Å"staff, which bears the likeness of a great black snake† (1290) which symbolizes deceitfulness when portrayed in stories. When Goodman Brown and the traveler approach the elderly woman, she screams â€Å"The Devil! (1291) The last reference is when the companion â€Å"plucked a branch of maple†¦began to strip the twigs†¦[but] the moment his fingers touched them, they became strangely withered and dried up. † (1292). This represents the traveler taking something good (Goodman Brown’s marriage) and turning it into something bad by ‘his touch’ or the act of cheating. After cheating for a while, Goodman Brown is able to break away from habit and go off into the forest. The dream continues and soon sees people he knows from town and hears Faith’s sorrowful voice surround Goodman Brown. Faith asks him for a favor that she seems to think is unattainable and the ‘unseen multitude’ (earlier described as many lovers) is encouraging her. Goodman Brown starts to shout in desperation and realizes Faith is gone. At that point his dream turns into a nightmare. Goodman Brown laughed, â€Å"when the wind laughed at him† (1294) and â€Å"there could be nothing more frightful than the figure of Goodman Brown. † (1294) In his dream, Goodman Brown attended church the next day and did not see Faith. Goodman than â€Å"glance[d] at his pale wife, and Faith at him. † He then told her to â€Å"resist the wicked one† (1297). This could be interpreted as Faith’s opportunity to cheat and Goodman Brown telling her not too. Goodman Brown soon â€Å"staggered against a rock and felt it chill and damp, while a hanging twig, that had been all on fire, besprinkled his cheek with the coldest dew. † (1297) This part of the story could be interpreted as him waking up from his dream because he goes back to where the dream began. At the end of the story, Goodman Brown asks himself if he had â€Å"fallen asleep in the forest, [or] only dreamed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He â€Å"shrank from the bosom of Faith†¦scowled and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1298). Goodman Brown realizes his life has been a lie and begins to resent every moment he has with Faith after the realization of his dream. When he dies, †they carve no hopeful verse upon his tomb-stone; for his dying hour was in gloom. † Goodman Brown’s dream changed his life. It made him realize that he had been cheating on Faith, but she, in turn, had the chance to make the same mistake. When he awakens, he loathes his actions he has previously committed and makes his life not only miserable for himself, but for Faith and their family. Young Goodman Brown was young when he fell in love with Faith, but not a good man at all.

Employee Management Procedures

Employee Management Procedures Unitary and pluralistic frames of reference one can be able to analyze employee relation approach. According to the unitary approach, members of an organization have to have objectives, goals and values for the organization to be successful. This explains why organizations have goals and mission statements as they give guidance to the employees. The unitary approach is very important as it helps to promote the team culture in an organization and ensures that there are good employee relations within an organization. The pluralistic approach supports the fact that there are different employees with different values and perspectives. The pluralistic approach is very important as it helps in conflict resolution in an organization. The unitary and pluralistic frames can be used as a point of reference to guide employees who have a wrong perception about the relation of employees in the organization. Through the frames, managers can be able to manage people whose interests coincide with the interests of the organization. For example with the unitary frame of reference, one can hardly find conflicts since with the reference frames managers can be able to identify the sources of conflicts and therefore know how to control and avoid them. Reflect and explain how changes in trade unionism have affected employee relations The trade union plays a very important role to employees. Its main aim is to protect the rights of the employees inters of pay and the working conditions. The union has come in order to help employees in an organization. It has played a role in ensuring good employee relations in an organization in several ways which may include: It helps to prevent conflicts between employees as it acts as a communication channel between the employees and management. This helps the employees to stay informed and thus helps to prevent conflicts that may arise between the managers and the employees. The union makes bargaining arrangements to the employees which may help the employee and thus may help to prevent conflicts among employs. This is due to the fact that conflicts may arise among employees who might be doing the same job and one gets more salary than the other. This has an impact on employee relations in an organization. Through unions, one can have lay representatives who help to communicate managerial shortcomings which may help to prevent irresponsible managers which may help to prevent conflicts in an organization between employees and the managerial sector. The union has taken many measures to ensure that there is a good balance between the managers and the employees and thus help to prevent conflicts since it is the main source of conflicts in organization. Using a real life example of your choice, explain within context the role of the main players in employee relations issue you have chosen There are different players in an organization who play different roles in an organization to ensure that there is good employee relations within an organization. The main players in employee relations in an organization are the managers, the employees and the organization. They are the ones that contribute to good or bad employee relation in organization. For example for the case of a disciplinary issue whereby an employee has done an action that is illegal according to the rules of the organization. This issue will lead to an employee relation problem in an organization. In this case, the employee is the main contributor of the issue since he did what he was not supposed to do since it is illegal according to the organization. The other employees will have an issue with this and it may lead to conflicts within the organization. They will therefore play a role of taking the issue to the manager. The manager will then take an action according to the rules of the organization or the contract. His main role will be to ensure that the same issue does not arise again by punishing the employee accordingly. The organization plays a very important role since it is the one that come up with rules and regulations that will govern the conduct of the employee and employee relations within an organization to ensure there is harmony within the orga nization and that people are responsible for their actions. All the players of employee role relation should therefore coordinate to make sure that there is good employee relation in an organization for the well being of the organization as a whole since it is the employees who will determine the performance of the organization. Task 2 Discuss and evaluate the procedures that should be followed by an organization when dealing with different conflict situations Conflicts arise in organizations due to the different perceptions on different matters in an organization. In dealing with conflicts in an organization, there are procedures that should be followed in dealing with the conflict. This is to ensure that managers are able to solve the conflict with fairness without favoring some employees. There are different kinds of conflicts in an organization and this is very important in solving a conflict. This is the first step that all managers need to understand in solving a conflict in an organization. There are several factors that need to be understood in solving a conflict in an organization. One firstly has to understand the situation leading to the conflict. There are different conditions that lead to the rise of conflicts and it is important for manager s to understand them in order to know how to solve them. After understanding the condition leading to the conflict one should then find out the effect of the conflict to the organization which may be either positive or negative. This will help the manager to weigh the effect of the conflict. One should then understand the stages of the conflict process. Conflicts have different stages and the stage of the conflict is very important to be known in order for the manager to know how to solve the conflict. After understanding all these, one can then find ways of dealing with the conflicts. One can assess the different ways of dealing with the conflict and choose the best way according to the situation at hand. Discuss and reflect on the key features of employee relations in recent UK conflict situation of your choice Conflicts may arise among employees in an organization due to many features. Conflicts have different features depending on the type of conflict. An example of a conflict in employee relation in an organization may be: For the case whereby in a department where there are several employees and one employee does not to do some tasks just because they think that it is not right according to their culture to do some tasks. In this case the employee may be using others such that they are the ones that do most of the task. This case will lead to conflicts among the employees in the organization due to cultural differences. The conflict may be due to the fact that other employees feel that they are doing so much while they also have their cultures that they may be having and may want to follow. In this case this conflict may lead to many effects which may include reduced performance at the workplace and lack of cooperation among the employees. IN solving this kind of conflict, there are procedures that should be followed by managers to ensure that the conflicts are solved in harmony. One should also refer to the requirements of the organization by the employees. There should be rules that should be set to govern employees when it comes to cultural differences. Evaluate the effectiveness of procedures used in the chosen conflict situation, making recommendations for areas found lacking and identifying areas of good practice. Following the right procedure in solving the conflict in the situation above is very important for effective solving of the conflict. This is due to the fact that it is very important to understand the source of the conflict in order to know how to solve the conflict. The manager should understand the reason why the conflict arise which in this case is cultural differences and the condition leading to conflict situation in an organization. The manager then needs to assess the effect of the conflict to the organization. One should then identify he stage in the conflict process. With understanding all these one can then indentify the best way of dealing with the conflict which in this case will be negotiating. What I would recommend in this case is negotiating with the employee to change his habits in order to be able to relate with other employees well. The areas that might be lacking in this case are specifying the conduct of an employee as far as cultural differences is concerned. In this case the area of good practice would be that everyone should respect everyones culture and should compromise in some cases for the sake of the work involved.

Abortion In Our Modern Society :: essays research papers fc

I believe that it is a woman’s right to choose whether or not she shall have a child. The issue of abortion is widely disputed in our nation, and is considered taboo because it has to do with sex. Many people are against abortion because of religious or moral beliefs. However, most of the people who argue against abortion have no adopted children. The reality is this: if an unwanted child is born into this world, they will suffer a great deal throughout their life. Also, the abortion is performed when the child is not yet developed. Still, many persons throughout the United States consider abortion to be nothing but infanticide. Of course, there is a risk involved with abortion, but as science improves, so does the safety of such practices. There is a small chance that a woman undergoing an abortion will be subject to hemorrhage (a 1 in 14,799 chance), sepsis (a 1 in 4,722 chance), tetanus, and anemia. Such events rarely happen, though. So, besides health risks and moral and religious beliefs, abortions are a good thing for quite a few reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, in many scenarios, an abortion is necessary and it would be wrong not to let the mother choose an abortion. For example, if a woman is raped, is she expected to keep the child? Of course not! Even if the mother decided to have the baby and support it, for the rest of her life she will be burdened simply because she was a victim of a predator. Also, if a woman was being safe and using protection, and the protection failed, she should be given the chance to choose. Although it was partly her fault, she was being responsible for her actions and practicing safe sex. Finally, there is the circumstance under which tests prove that if the baby is born, it will be deformed or handicapped. Such a child will suffer for the rest of their life, however short it may be. Though the parents may choose to keep the child, if it will suffer physically, they might want to stop its suffering before it even starts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plus, not as many people misuse the practice as we may think. After all, abortions are not cheap, anywhere from $300 to $2000. Surgical abortion in or before the first trimester can be performed by either menstrual extraction or vacuum aspiration.

A Balanced Score Card

The most important thing to having a successful business is to have the most up to date information. If you have all the information at your fingertips it can help you to make the best possible decisions. What kind of information is available and how do we sort through it and use this information? In the hospitality industry the amount of information received everyday is overwhelming, and it isn’t possible for staff to be able to sort through it and organize it properly. In the hospitality industry the information technologies are the tools that the staff uses to sort and manage the information and the balanced score card is just one such tool. The Balanced Score Card is a very useful tool for managers because it organizes information from different departments to create a picture of the hotels operations and the success of those operations. The Balanced Score Card is a tool that is used by business professionals, the information that this found on this card is useful to the managers for a variety of reasons. However the primary use is to monitor the organizations progress towards it vision and its mission. The information is like a snapshot of the health of the business. This tool allows manager to identify areas that need improvement, ones that are doing well and what might be future opportunities. (Nyheim &McFadden, 2007) In the balanced score card the data that is used is collected by many different departments. One of the main types of information found on the balanced score card is financial information. Some other information that can also be found on the card includes such things as information on employees, the turnover rate, and also promotions. There is also equipment functionality and learning and growth of the company that is found on the card. One last thing that is present on the card is customer information and it may include such things as customer satisfaction; 3 returning customers, and the overall experiences and suggestions made by the customers. With all the information collected from many departments in the hotel this is used to create the finished product which is known as a balanced score card. There is a vast amount of information that is collected by departments using a PMS or RMS that deals with customers such departments includes housekeeping, front desk and the food and beverage department. There are some other departments that collect data such as accounting, marketing, and sales. All the information that is collected from these departments is used to create the balanced score card, and this information is used to show strengths and weakness within the hotel. The different departments can then focus on their area of information that pertains to them; this allows emphasis to be focused where it is needed to make the changes necessary to get the departments where they need to be with goals, missions and visions for the future of the hotel. One important thing that the balanced score card can do is determine room rates for different times of the year and different days of the week. These initial rates of a room are computed by using wage cost per room, annual operating profit per room, and the cost of maintenance on each room, then by comparing the score card from prior years management can tell where occupancy is higher or lower and be able to adjust for that with the room rates. If the hotel has a slow time then marketing and sales can create special packages or rates to get people to fill the rooms. It is better to rent the room at a lower rate than to fill the room instead of leaving rates the same and the room stay empty, because if it’s empty there is no profit. Within the hotel industry the food and beverage department uses a form of RMS, it contains three components to compile data for their department, a point of sales system, inventory and 4 menu management, and also reservation and table management. The information is then taken and is used to create the balanced score card along with information from other departments. There are many ways the food and everage department can use this information, such as staffing needs, and also the efficiency of the current staff. It can also help to access the relationship between the food and beverage department and its vendors and then changes can be made if necessary. Managers can use the information to make sure that the department is meeting their budget and its goals for the hotel. There is also customer experiences that are collected on the balanced score card, and this information can help managers improve to better fit the needs of customers. The information on the card can also show the managers the busy time of year and the slow time which helps in ordering inventory, when specials need to be ran and when the department may need to hire more staff. The balanced score card information is very helpful for managers to be able to know when to hire for different departments. Because of the hotels off seasons in spring and fall, the hotel may need less employees for one department and still need the same amount in another department so by looking at the balanced score card it is easier to determine. It can be used by managers for staffing, such as extra weekend staff during the busy season, or a holiday weekend and this information is all found on the balanced score card. There are some other examples of information that can be found such as to much staff in one department, unnecessary overtime, if a full time employee is receiving hours due to the off season, and even if a staff can be promoted or moved to a different department. The success of any hotel is dependent on its staff and the information provided by the balanced score card is valuable in learning this information. 5 When management looks at the balanced score card they have many choices they should consider. Some of these choices might include profit and employee satisfaction within the company. It is very important as far as profit because a company needs profits to stay open, and as far as employees it is important because to do a job to the best of their ability it helps to have happy employees. The profit is one of the information that is shown on the balanced score card, accounting can look at this and know if marketing and sales need to make adjustment in rates of rooms, or other areas. One way to increase profits through marketing would be making changes to rooms, what kind of amenities are offered and doing promotions or discounts to help bring the profits up. The satisfaction of employees and their environment the input of employees are also included in the balanced score card. This will help management to adjust the environment to help with the employees so they are happy and more willing to perform well on their job and that is an important key in customer service. The Balanced Score Card is a very important tool for the use of management to make changes and improve areas or departments when needed. The information or data that is found on a balanced score card has so many valuable uses for all departments of the hotel and is so important in all areas from staffing to making up profits. It is by far one of the most useful tools in the hospitality industry today. References Technology Strategies- Nyheim,P.D.,F.M.,& Connolly,D.J. (2007) http://www.prenhall.com/nyheim Technology Strategies for the Hospitality Industry http://www.hospitalityguild.com/books.technology_strategies_for_the_h.htm A Balanced Score Card The most important thing to having a successful business is to have the most up to date information. If you have all the information at your fingertips it can help you to make the best possible decisions. What kind of information is available and how do we sort through it and use this information? In the hospitality industry the amount of information received everyday is overwhelming, and it isn’t possible for staff to be able to sort through it and organize it properly. In the hospitality industry the information technologies are the tools that the staff uses to sort and manage the information and the balanced score card is just one such tool. The Balanced Score Card is a very useful tool for managers because it organizes information from different departments to create a picture of the hotels operations and the success of those operations. The Balanced Score Card is a tool that is used by business professionals, the information that this found on this card is useful to the managers for a variety of reasons. However the primary use is to monitor the organizations progress towards it vision and its mission. The information is like a snapshot of the health of the business. This tool allows manager to identify areas that need improvement, ones that are doing well and what might be future opportunities. (Nyheim &McFadden, 2007) In the balanced score card the data that is used is collected by many different departments. One of the main types of information found on the balanced score card is financial information. Some other information that can also be found on the card includes such things as information on employees, the turnover rate, and also promotions. There is also equipment functionality and learning and growth of the company that is found on the card. One last thing that is present on the card is customer information and it may include such things as customer satisfaction; 3 returning customers, and the overall experiences and suggestions made by the customers. With all the information collected from many departments in the hotel this is used to create the finished product which is known as a balanced score card. There is a vast amount of information that is collected by departments using a PMS or RMS that deals with customers such departments includes housekeeping, front desk and the food and beverage department. There are some other departments that collect data such as accounting, marketing, and sales. All the information that is collected from these departments is used to create the balanced score card, and this information is used to show strengths and weakness within the hotel. The different departments can then focus on their area of information that pertains to them; this allows emphasis to be focused where it is needed to make the changes necessary to get the departments where they need to be with goals, missions and visions for the future of the hotel. One important thing that the balanced score card can do is determine room rates for different times of the year and different days of the week. These initial rates of a room are computed by using wage cost per room, annual operating profit per room, and the cost of maintenance on each room, then by comparing the score card from prior years management can tell where occupancy is higher or lower and be able to adjust for that with the room rates. If the hotel has a slow time then marketing and sales can create special packages or rates to get people to fill the rooms. It is better to rent the room at a lower rate than to fill the room instead of leaving rates the same and the room stay empty, because if it’s empty there is no profit. Within the hotel industry the food and beverage department uses a form of RMS, it contains three components to compile data for their department, a point of sales system, inventory and 4 menu management, and also reservation and table management. The information is then taken and is used to create the balanced score card along with information from other departments. There are many ways the food and everage department can use this information, such as staffing needs, and also the efficiency of the current staff. It can also help to access the relationship between the food and beverage department and its vendors and then changes can be made if necessary. Managers can use the information to make sure that the department is meeting their budget and its goals for the hotel. There is also customer experiences that are collected on the balanced score card, and this information can help managers improve to better fit the needs of customers. The information on the card can also show the managers the busy time of year and the slow time which helps in ordering inventory, when specials need to be ran and when the department may need to hire more staff. The balanced score card information is very helpful for managers to be able to know when to hire for different departments. Because of the hotels off seasons in spring and fall, the hotel may need less employees for one department and still need the same amount in another department so by looking at the balanced score card it is easier to determine. It can be used by managers for staffing, such as extra weekend staff during the busy season, or a holiday weekend and this information is all found on the balanced score card. There are some other examples of information that can be found such as to much staff in one department, unnecessary overtime, if a full time employee is receiving hours due to the off season, and even if a staff can be promoted or moved to a different department. The success of any hotel is dependent on its staff and the information provided by the balanced score card is valuable in learning this information. 5 When management looks at the balanced score card they have many choices they should consider. Some of these choices might include profit and employee satisfaction within the company. It is very important as far as profit because a company needs profits to stay open, and as far as employees it is important because to do a job to the best of their ability it helps to have happy employees. The profit is one of the information that is shown on the balanced score card, accounting can look at this and know if marketing and sales need to make adjustment in rates of rooms, or other areas. One way to increase profits through marketing would be making changes to rooms, what kind of amenities are offered and doing promotions or discounts to help bring the profits up. The satisfaction of employees and their environment the input of employees are also included in the balanced score card. This will help management to adjust the environment to help with the employees so they are happy and more willing to perform well on their job and that is an important key in customer service. The Balanced Score Card is a very important tool for the use of management to make changes and improve areas or departments when needed. The information or data that is found on a balanced score card has so many valuable uses for all departments of the hotel and is so important in all areas from staffing to making up profits. It is by far one of the most useful tools in the hospitality industry today. References Technology Strategies- Nyheim,P.D.,F.M.,& Connolly,D.J. (2007) http://www.prenhall.com/nyheim Technology Strategies for the Hospitality Industry http://www.hospitalityguild.com/books.technology_strategies_for_the_h.htm